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Publications
This area of the website is a repository of research that has been done in field of mycorrhizal fungi as well as other bio based crop management systems.
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Andrade, G., K. L. Mihara, R. G. Linderman, and G. J. Bethlenfalvay. 1997. Bacteria from rhizosphere and hyphosphere soils of different arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil 192:71-79.
This paper documents the changes in soil microbial populations resulting from the formation of AM fungi with different fungal symbionts as a mycorrhizosphere phenomenon.
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Bashan, Yoav, E. Anne Davis, Angel Carrillo, and Robert G. Linderman. 2000.
Assessment of VA mycorrhizal inoculum potential in relation to the establishment of cactus seedlings under mesquite nurse-trees in the Sonoran Desert. Applied Soil Ecology 14:165-175.
This paper reports on a study in the Sonoran Desert to explain the observation that cactus seedlings grow beneath the canopy of mesquite trees and not in the open areas. Mycorrhizal fungal inoculum potential in the two areas was evaluated with trap plants. AM fungi were present in the soil of both areas, even though no AM fungal spores were detected.
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Bethlenfalvay, G.J. and Linderman R.G. (eds.) 1992. Mycorrhizae in Sustainable Agriculture, ASA Spec. Publ. No. 54., Amer. Soc. Agronomy Press, Madison, WI.
This book was the outcome of a symposium coordinated by the two authors and held at the American Agronomy Society annual meeting. Chapters in the book were authored by speakers at the symposium, and reflected the role of mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable agriculture.
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Biermann, B.J. and Linderman R.G. 1983. Increased geranium growth using pretransplant inoculation with a mycorhizal fungus. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108(6):972-976.
This paper was one of the first to document the utility of pre-inocoulation of transplants with AM fungi in the production of greenhouse-grown ornamental crop plants. Pre-inoculation with AM fungi significantly improved transplantability, resulting in increased survival and growth.
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Cantrell, I.C. and Linderman R.G. 2001. Preinoculation of lettuce and onion with VA mycorrhizal fungi reduces deleterious effects of soil salinity. Plant and Soil 233:269-281.
The hypothesis that pre-inoculation of onion or lettuce plug transplants with AM fungi would benefit the plants when transplanted into saline soils. The hypothesis was confirmed with improved transplantability and growth, even when soil salinity was highly toxic to the plants. Non-AM plants were stunted, less green, and at the highest salinity level died compared to the AM plants that survived and grew.
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Davies, F. T., Jr., J. R. Potter, and R. G. Linderman. 1992. Mycorrhiza and repeated
drought exposure affect drought resistance and extraradical hyphae development on pepper plants independent of plant size and nutrient content. J. Plant Physiol. 139:289-294.
This paper addressed the mechanisms involved in the alleviation of drought stress in plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (AM), and showed that there was a correlation with the extent of development of extraradical hyphae and lessened drought stress.
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Davies, F. G., Jr., J. R. Potter, and R. G. Linderman. 1993. Drought resistance of
mycorrhizal pepper plants independent of leaf P concentration - response in gas exchange and water relations. Physiol. Plantarum 87:45-53.
This paper demonstrated that improved drought resistance of AM plants, as measured by responses in gas exchange and water relations, was independent of leaf P concentration as was suggested by other workers.
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Fernando, W. G. D. and R. G. Linderman. 1997. The effect of mycorrhizal (Glomus
intraradices) colonization on the development of root and stem rot (Phytophthora vignae) of cowpea. J. Natn. Sci. Coun. Sri Lanka 25:39-47.
The notion that plants with AM colonization would be more resistant to diseases was addressed regarding root and stem rot of cowpea. The results indicated that such was the case when inoculum levels of the pathogen in the soil were realistic.
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Gonzalez-Chavez, Ma.del Carmen A., Ray Newsam, Robert Linderman, John Dodd,
and Jorge M. Valdez-Carrasco. 2008. Bacteria associated with the extraradical mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in As/Cu polluted soil. Agrosciencia 42:1-10.
The reports in the literature that AM plants can tolerate high levels of As and Cu in polluted soil was confirmed in this study. In addition, it was shown that bacteria associated with the extraradical hyphae of the AM fungi in the mycorrhizosphere contributed to the effect by binding with the pollutants.
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Graham, J. H., R. G. Linderman, and J. A. Menge. 1982. Development of external
hyphae by different isolates of mycorrhizal Glomus spp. in relation to root colonization and growth of Troyer citrange. New Phytologist 91:183-189.
Variation in the enhanced growth response of Troyer citrange to inoculation with different AM fungal species/isolates was studied in relation to the development of extraradical hyphae. A novel method to quantify the extraradical hyphae was used that involved weighing the soil that had been aggregated by the hyphae in the soil: the greater sand weight indicated more extraradical hyphae and that was correlated with the relative growth response.
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Ianson, D.C. and R.G.Linderman. 1993. Variation in the response of nodulating
pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) to different isolates of mycorrhizal fungi. Symbiosis 15:105-119.
Different species/strains of AM fungi were dual-inoculated with a single strain of Rhizobium on pigeonpea, and it was demonstrated that there was indeed intraradical symbiont compatibility or incompatibility wherein some strains of AM fungi enhanced nodulation by Rhizobium and others, even of the same species, did not.
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Linderman, R.G. 1986. Managing rhizosphere microorganisms in the production of horticultural crops. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. 21:1299-1302.
This was the publication of a talk given to the ASHS annual meeting on the role played by root-associated microorganisms, especially mycorrhizal fungi, in the normal growth and health of plants.
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Linderman, R.G. 1988. Mycorrhizal interactions with the rhizosphere microflora: The mycorrhizosphere effect. Phytopathology 78:366-371.
The concept of the mycorrhizosphere phenomenon was presented by the author at a symposium, describing the microbial changes that occur in the soil surrounding plants that have formed mycorrhizae compared to those that had not.
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Linderman R.G. 1992. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and soil microbial interactions. pp. 45-70 In: Mycorrhizae in Sustainable Agriculture. Bethlenfalvay, G. J. and Linderman, R. G. (eds.), ASA Special Publication No. 54, Madison, WI.
This paper was part of a symposium organized by the two editors, and this paper was presented and was published as one of the book chapters. It discussed the known interactions between microbes in the rhizosphere, demonstrating that in fact there were interactions and that they affected plant growth and health.
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Linderman, R.G. 1993. Effects of microbial interactions in the mycorrhizosphere on
plant growth and health. pp 138-152 In: Agroecologia, Sostenibilidad y Educacion. R. Ferrera-Cerrato and R.Quintero (eds.) Centro de Edafologia, Monticella, Mexico.
This paper was presented in Mexico at a sustainable agriculture symposium, and it emphasized the sorts of microbial interactions that can occur in the mycorrhizosphere. That phenomenon had not been widely appreciated by the audience of international scientists.
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Linderman R.G. 1994. Role of VAM fungi in biocontrol. pp. 1-26 In: Mycorrhizae and Plant Health. F. L Pfleger and R. G. Linderman (eds.), APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
The role played by mycorrhizal fungi in the control of diseases was discussed in this chapter published in the book following presentation at a symposium sponsored by the American Phytopathological Society.
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Linderman, R. G. and E. A. Davis. 2000. Comparative response of selected grapevine
rootstocks and cultivars to inoculation with different mycorrhizal fungi. Amer. J. Enology and Viticulture 52(1):8-11.
A number of new rootstocks being evaluated for grafting to prevent the Phylloxera problem in California and Oregon were tested for their relative response to inoculation with AM fungi. Some variation in growth response occurred, but in general all the grape rootstocks responded to inoculation with a striking growth enhancement under P limiting conditions. This was part of studies to demonstrate the very strong dependency of grapes on AM.
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Linderman, R.G. 2000. Effects of mycorrhizas on plant tolerance to diseases. pp. 345-365 In: Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: Molecular Biology and Physiology. Kapulnik, Y. and Douds, D. D., (eds.) Kluwer Press.
The authors was invited to prepare a chapter on the role played by AM fungi in the suppression of diseases. In the chapter, data were presented that demonstrated an increase in antagonistic rhizobacteria when roots became colonized by AM fungi, compared to roots not colonized. Such data had not previously been reported.
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Linderman, R.G. and T. C. Paulitz. 1990. Mycorrhizal-rhizobacterial interactions. pp. 261-283 In: Biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens. Hornby, D. et al. (eds.), Wallingford: CAB International.
Linderman and Paulitz teamed up to present a book chapter following a presentation by Linderman at an International Congress of Plant Pathology symposium. The chapter documented the interactions then known between AM fungi and rhizobacteria in the mycorrhizosphere.
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Linderman, R.G. and E.A.Davis 2000. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth response to soil amendment with composted grape pomace or its water extract. HortTechnology 11(3):446-450
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In horticulture, many organic amendments to soil are known to enhance plant growth, presumably by enhancing beneficial microbes in some way. This study investigated one such response of plants to incorporation of composted grape pomace in relation to the effects due to AM fungi. It was demonstrated on onions that growth enhancement occurred in response to the amendment without AM, but the effect was increased with AM.
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Linderman, R.G. and E.A. Davis. 2003. Soil amendment with different peatmosses affects mycorrhizae of onion. HortTechnology 13(2):285-289.
The suggestion in the literature that peatmoss may somehow suppress AM formation and effect was tested experimentally using several different peats. Some did suppress levels of AM colonization while others had not effect. None of the peats completely suppressed AM however.
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Linderman, R.G. and E.A. Davis. 2003. Arbuscular mycorrhiza and growth responses of several ornamental plants grown in soilless peat-based medium amended with coconot dust (coir). HortTechnology 13(3):482-487.
Coir has become an amendment of interest in the horticulture industry, partly as a replacement for peat. The question of whether such amendment would affect AM formation and effect was addressed. Coir had no significant effect on AM formation, but in some cases did suppress the growth of some plant species.
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Linderman, R.G., E.A. Davis, and J. L Marlow. 2003. Effects of organic amendments to soil and soilless potting media on arbuscular mycorrhizae and their microbial associates. Proceedings 4th International Conference on Mycorrhizae. Montreal, Canada.
The effects of different organic amendments, including composts, peat, coir and fertilizers were addressed in this oral presentation at the ICOM held in Montreal, Canada. Such effects had not previously been addressed by mycorrhizal researchers.
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Linderman, R.G. and E.A. Davis. 2004. Evaluation of commercial inorganic and organic fertilizer effects on arbuscular mycorrhizae formed by Glomus intraradices. HortTechnology 14(2):196-202.
It is well known that high levels of fertilizers used in agricultural crop production can inhibit the formation and effects of AM, especially levels of P. However, the differences in effects between organic and inorganic forms of fertilizer had not been evaluated. Several of each fertilizer type were used to demonstrate that organic fertilizers are more compatible with AM than inorganic fertilizers unless the P level of the latter is kept low. The explanation for that effect was that the organic fertilizers require microbial breakdown that allows for the slower release of P and that favors AM.
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Linderman, Robert G. and E. Anne Davis. 2004. Varied response of marigold (Tagetes
spp.) genotypes to inoculation with different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Scientia Horticulturae 99: 67-78.
The often-reported effect of AM at the genus level of host plant was investigated in this study. Different species or varieties of marigold were studied, and it was demonstrated that different genotypes responded differently to inoculation. Thus, one should not conclude that there would or would not be a response at the genus level. This was part of a thrust in the literature that indicated greater host specificity and responsiveness than had previously been reported.
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Linderman, Robert G. 2006. Biocontrol in the mycorrhizosphere. Proceedings of the
International Workshop on “Implementation of Biocontrol in Practice in Temperate Regions – Present and Near Future”. DIAS Report No. 119: 137-152.
This was an invited talk on the mycorrhizosphere with special attention payed to the potential for biocontrol by microbes therein. The proceedings were published.
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Meyer, J. R. and R. G. Linderman. 1986. Selective influence on populations of rhizosphere or rhizoplane bacteria and actinomycetes by mycorrhizas formed by Glomus fasciculatum. Soil Biol. Biochem.18: 191-196.
This paper was the product of a study done to demonstrate that when mycorrhizae form, there is a change in the numbers and kinds of microbes that are selected in the rhizosphere soil, now called the mycorrhizosphere.
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Meyer, J. R. and R. G. Linderman. 1986. Response of subterranean clover to dual
inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a plant growth-promoting bacterium, Pseudomonas putida. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18:185-190.
This paper was the first to be published showing the positive interaction between AM fungi and a known plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR). It was shown that there are specific changes in populations of taxonomic groups of microbes.
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Paulitz, T. C. and R. G. Linderman. 1989. Interactions between fluorescent
pseudomonads and VA mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. 113:37-45.
In this study, we examined the interactions between AM fungi and pseudomonads known to be biocontrol agents.
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Paulitz, T. C., and R. G. Linderman. 1991. Lack of antagonism between the biocontrol
agent Gliocladium virens and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. 117:303-308.
In this study, we examined the interactions between AM fungi and a specific fungal biocontrol agent, Gliocladium virens, now called Trichoderma virens. There was no detrimental interaction indicating that the two fungi could be used in combination.
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Pfleger, F.L. and R. G. Linderman (eds.) 1994. Mycorrhizae and Plant Health. APS
Press, St. Paul, MN.
Drs. Pfleger and Linderman organized a symposium at the American Phytopathological Society annual meeting to underscore the importance of mycorrhizae in the normal health of plants. Both ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae were addressed in a series of talks and then chapters focused on various topics as related to plant health.
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Linderman, R. G. and E. A. Davis. 2009. Mycorrhiza formation in soilless media amended with different types and rates of composts. Compost Science & Utilization. (submitted)
Another paper in a series relating to the kinds of amendments that might be made to soilless potting media that might have an effect on the establishment and function of AM. Some composts were inhibitory to AM formation, possibly due to the level of available P in them.
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Linderman, R. G. and E. A. Davis. 2009. Effects of fungicide drenches on formation
and function of arbuscular mycorrhizae. HortTechnology (submitted).
Fungicides commonly used in the nursery industry to combat soilborne fungal pathogens could have a negative effect on the formation of AM. Growers needed to know which were deleterious and which were not. This study examined some 19 materials at the label rate; some were newer materials that have only recently become available for use. Some of the older and some of the newer materials were inhibitory, some were not.
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Bashan, Y., B. Salazar, E. Puente, M. Bacilio, and R. Linderman. 2009. Enhanced
establishment and growth of the giant cardon cactus in an eroded field using growth-promoting microorganisms, compost and mixed reforestation with native legumes. Biol. Fert. Soils (submitted)
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Bashan, Y., B. Salazar, M. E. Puente, and R. Linderman. 2009. Reforestation of
eroded desert soil with native trees: effects of inoculation with plant growth-promoting microorganisms, limited amounts of compost and water and plant density. Biol. Fert. Soils (submitted)
Restoration of denuded sites in Mexico where the giant cardon cactus, a national treasure, known only to grow in Baja, was examined in relation to growth-enhancing microbial amendments, including AM fungi and bacteria and nurse plants from which AM fungi might transfer. Cardon cactus plants were established better using some of the amendments.
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